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many smoke

This English term is often attributed to unnamed Native Americans from many tribes. The meaning in English may be different from the meaning in native languages. “Many” probably meant “more than could reasonably be expected.” “Smokes” probably meant campfires, although I have read that one or more of the half dozen tribes who inhabited what is now Yellowstone Park as hunter-gatherers referred to the collective plumes of steam from the geysers as “Lots of Smokes.” in their mother tongue.

Hunter-gatherers were a nomadic tribal people who moved when their food source moved elsewhere. In the movie, “Dances with Wolves,” the Sioux were hunter-gatherers who followed the buffalo. Buffalo, being large shaggy beasts, tended to move upland during the summer to reach cooler ground temperatures when it got too hot. Gatherers for the tribe were usually women and children who gathered grain, roots, berries, nuts, small game, and fish when the tribe settled for a while when the main game stopped moving. Also, they met opportunistically while traveling when they recognized edible plants.

Keep in mind that the Sioux, Crows, Cherokee, and other tribes did not just pop up overnight. All of them were descendants of the first Paleo Indians (the Clovis People), who inhabited what is now the United States for 10,000 years or more. The name Clovis was attached to these earlier peoples by the first seeker of some of their arrowheads (Clovis Points) in Clovis, New Mexico. Later native tribes essentially went into gathering and hunting, as their long-ago ancestors did. Some of today’s tribes have stories that specifically mention mastodons as the main food source that was tracked and hunted.

Did the Paleo Indians and later Native American tribes know God? Yes. They knew what God allowed them to know. They were all descendants of Adam. The natural world in which they lived was the work of God. People today are confused about God, Jesus, and the Holy Spirit. The natives attributed to the Great Father (God) that he had the form of a spirit. It was his way of saying what Christians say today, “God in three persons.”

They were not present on the continent where Jesus was sent as the Christ to take all sin upon himself. But, that does not mean that they are not saved. Too does not mean that any town before the time of Jesus is not saved. Web search, “How do people who lived and died before Jesus get to heaven?” I like the way Pastor John MacArthur answers the question. Pastor MacArthur bases his answer on Christian Biblical scriptures. Search the web for John 14:6-9 and Revelation 21:3.

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